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To describe factors that can lead to abnormal bleed- ing postoperatively and to discuss the prevention and management of postoperative bleeding: • Inherited and acquired factor deficiencies generic 5mg fincar with visa. Case You are asked to evaluate a 70-year-old woman who has had a femoral- peroneal artery bypass with in-situ saphenous vein because of brisk bleeding from the incision discount fincar 5mg online. Surgical Bleeding and Hemostasis 137 • Phase I (vasoconstriction): Vascular injury results in the constriction of vascular smooth muscle and the early decrease in local blood flow order 5mg fincar otc. Hemostasis and fibrin clot forma- tion work through the intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathways. Both pathways lead to a common enzyme, factor Xa, that then is followed by the common pathway (Fig. When first evaluating a bleeding patient, two crucial questions must be addressed: 1. Whether or not the patient is hemodynamically stable can be deter- mined quickly by looking at the patient’s general appearance and by obtaining a set of vital signs. In the case presented at the beginning of this chapter, hemodynamic instability (a heart rate of 109 and blood pressure of 89/45) is caused by hypovolemia, which can be corrected with intravenous fluids. Airway The patient’s ability to maintain a patent airway should be evaluated, and rapid endotracheal intubation should be considered if the patient is unconscious or otherwise unable to maintain a clear airway. The patient in our case was “anxious,” which also means conscious, prob- ably communicative, and able to protect her airway. Breathing Adequate breathing should be confirmed by physical exam and pulse oximetry. Circulation Heart rate and blood pressure are good indicators of circulatory volume. Loss of less than 15% of blood volume may result in no change in blood pressure or heart rate. Hemorrhage of 15% to 30% of blood volume results in a decreased pulse pressure and tachycardia. Loss of greater than 30% will result in a decrease in systolic pressure, reflex 138 G. The central pathway involves the activation of factors X to Xa and prothrombin to thrombin. Subsequently, Xa assembles on the platelet phospholipid membrane to form the prothrombinase complex, which converts prothrombin to thrombin. Direct digital pressure should provide temporary hemostasis, while the circulating volume can be restored easily with adequate intravenous access. The antecubital veins are large and easily accessible when rapid access is needed. Crystalloid, such as normal saline or lactated Ringer’s, is indicated for the initial volume replacement. In adults, transfusion of blood products is indicated if signs of hypovolemic shock persist after approximately 2L are infused (see Treatment, below). Laboratory tests also are done during this initial assessment (see Diagnostic Studies, below). Surgical Bleeding and Hemostasis 139 Why Is the Patient Bleeding and How Can It Be Stopped? To address this question, a complete history and a physical examina- tion should be performed. A few specific questions and diagnostic tests may help narrow the differential diagnosis and guide treatment. History Review of Systems Does the patient report any previous spontaneous bleeds (i. Does the patient report bleeding during simple daily activities, such as brushing his/her teeth? Past Medical History Is there a history of liver dysfunction, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis (with associated decrease in synthetic function and decrease in coagu- lation factors in the intrinsic pathway), or a history of renal failure with its associated dysfunctional platelets? Medications Multiple medications affect coagulation by a variety of mechanisms (Table 8. This effect is overcome only by new platelet synthesis over a period of 7 to 10 days. Deficiencies of the various factors generally must be moderate to severe to affect clinically on bleeding. Operative History A complete understanding of what operation was performed and the technical details is critical in dealing with a postoperative bleeding problem. Significant, bright red bleeding from a surgical wound might represent a suture line leak and require reexploration. Alternatively, if there were many adhesions that were divided at the time of surgery, these can be a source of postoperative bleeding. What medications or blood products did the patient receive while in the operating room? If the patient received large-volume transfusions with packed red cells, clotting factors and 140 G.

Karl Kraus – The Divided Self Austrian writer and satirist Children do not give up their innate imagination discount fincar 5mg otc, Psychoanalysis is the disease it purports to cure buy fincar 5mg overnight delivery. Charles Lamb – Attributed British essayist How sickness enlarges the dimensions of a man’s Jiddhu Krishnamurti – self to himself purchase fincar 5 mg online. Indian theosophist Last Essays of Elia ‘The Convalescent’ Meditation is not a means to an end. It is both the The first water cure was the Flood, and it killed means and the end. Walsh) Observer  August () It is necessary that a surgeon should have a temperate and moderate disposition... He should be well grounded in natural science, and should René Laënnec – know not only medicine but every part of French physician philosophy; Chirurgia Magna (transl. Walsh) I rolled a quire of paper into a kind of cylinder and applied one end of it to the region of the heart and Why is there such a great difference between the the other to my ear, and was not a little surprised physician and the surgeon? The physicians have and pleased to find that I could thereby perceive abandoned operative procedures to the laity, the action of the heart in a manner much more either, as some say, because they disdain to clear and distinct than I had ever been able to do operate with their hands, or because they do not by the immediate application of the ear. Walsh)   ·     Andrew Lang – In truth, the amount of irremediable disease in Scottish man of letters the world is enormous. General Remarks on the Practice of Medicine ‘The Heart and He uses statistics as a drunken man uses Its Affections’, Ch. Attributed General Remarks on the Practice of Medicine ‘The Heart and Its Affections’, Ch. General Remarks on the Practice of Medicine ‘The Heart and It is less important to invent new operations and Its Affections’, Ch. Perfect health, like perfect beauty, is a rare thing; First Congress of Surgery,  April () and so, it seems, is perfect disease. General Remarks on the Practice of Medicine ‘The Heart and Wind is the cause of a hundred diseases. The only exercise I get is when I take the studs out Lectures on Clinical Medicine Lect. Bartlett’s Unfamiliar Quotations Medicine is a strange mixture of speculation and action. The knowledge of the senses is the best The sins of youth are paid for in old age. You cannot be sure of the success of your remedy, Whom fate wishes to ruin she first makes mad. Professor of Pharmacology, University College Hospital, Diseases of the Heart Lect. The choice before doctors is not whether they General Remarks on the Practice of Medicine ‘The Heart and should experiment on their patients, but whether Its Affection’, Ch. General Remarks on the Practice of Medicine ‘The Heart and Clinical Pharmacology p. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh ()    ·    Antoine Lavoisier – James Le Fanu French chemist Doctor and medical journalist We must trust to nothing but facts: The map of mental illness, like that of Africa These are presented to us by Nature, and cannot before the Victorian explorers, remains a blank. Robert Kerr) The failure of the two great projects of the last Public usefulness and the interests of humanity two decades – The New Genetics and The Social ennoble the most disgusting work. Metropolitan Life ‘Food for Thought and Vice Versa’ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin – Stanislaw Lec – Russian revolutionary and head of state Polish poet Either socialism will defeat the louse, or the louse Wounds heal and become scars. Every surgeon carries about him a little cemetery, The Spy Who Came In from the Cold in which from time to time he goes to pray, a cemetery of bitterness and regret, of which he seeks the reason for certain of his failures. Lecky – La Philosophie de la Chirurgie Foreword Irish historian and philosopher Abortion... Letter to a friend,  September () Armies have been supposed to lose more of their men by sickness than by the sword. Sir Thomas Lewis – A Treatise of the Scurvy Preface British physician and clinical scientist Art Linklater Diagnosis is a system of more or less accurate Contemporary guessing, in which the endpoint achieved is a name. Skin is like wax paper that holds everything in Lancet :  () without dripping. A Child’s Garden of Misinformation () Georg Christoph Lichtenberg – Lin Yutang –? German physicist and satirist Chinese author and philologist How is it that animals do not squint? Is this The Chinese do not draw any distinction between another prerogative of the human species? By the London Post, Massachusetts Medical Society (), quoting his article in the New England Journal of Medicine of Medical practice—where next? Journal of the Royal Society  October () of Medicine :  () It is intellectual and communication skills which Lord Lister – will become the most crucial competency in health care. Journal of the Royal Society Since the antiseptic treatment has been brought of Medicine :  () into full operation my wards, have completely The basic contract of health care has changed changed their character; so that during the last from a private matter between doctors and nine months not a single instance of pyaemia, patients to a more public one between health care hospital gangrene or erysipelas has occurred in providers – epitomized by hospitals – and patients. Journal of the Royal Society British Medical Journal :  () of Medicine :  () On the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery    ·    The material which I have employed is carbolic or Liu Kung Cho phenic acid, a volatile organic compound, which Chinese sage appears to exercise a peculiarly destructive The able doctor acts before sickness comes.

Surgical margins and prognostic factors in patients with thick (>4mm) primary melanoma discount fincar 5 mg free shipping. Skin and Soft Tissues 541 ative Oncology Group purchase 5 mg fincar with visa, level I evidence)4 to have a positive effect on survival in patients with a single positive node or thick primary tumor effective 5mg fincar. Malignant Soft Tissue Lesion: Sarcoma Sarcomas are a group of histologically diverse, albeit rare, tumors of mesodermal and occasionally ectodermal origin, affecting soft tissue or bone. They are grouped together because of their similar biologic features and responses to treatment. Sarcomas of the soft tissue account for approximately 1% of adult malignancies and 15% of pediatric malignancies; 50% or more of all cases are ultimately fatal. Case 6 describes a patient with a rapidly expanding, poorly circum- scribed, deep leg mass. The most common nongenetic predisposing conditions are previous irradiation and chronic lymphedema, either acquired, as after lymphadenectomy, or congenital. Exposure to alkylating chemotherapeutic agents, phenoxy acetic acids, vinyl chloride, arsenic, and other toxins is associated with development of sarcoma. Certain genetic conditions also impart increased risk, including neurofibromatosis, familial retinoblastoma, and Li-Fraumeni and Gardner’s syndromes. Despite the recognition of numerous factors that confer increased risk, most patients with soft tissue sarcoma present with no identifiable etiology. Approximately half of all sarcomas affect the extremities, with two thirds presenting as a painless mass, as in the patient described in Case 6. The differential diagnosis of an extremity mass includes benign soft tissue tumor, most often lipoma, as well as hematoma or muscle injury, all of which are extremely common. With the exception of peripheral nerve tumor transformation in neurofibromatosis, benign tumors do not typically degenerate into malignancy. Physical exam should include an assessment of the size and mobil- ity of the presenting lesion and its relationship to the fascia, i. In this patient, the clinical findings of immobility, large size (>5cm), history of rapid growth, and persistence should raise suspicion of a malignant process and warrant biopsy of the lesion. Anatomic distribution and site-specific histologic subtypes of 1182 consecutive patients with soft tissue sarcomas seen at the University of Texas M. These studies often can rule out a benign process such as a lipoma and provide anatomic information that may help determine the best biopsy approach. Magnetic resonance imaging has been regarded as the study of choice because of its ability potentially to differentiate tumor and muscle, while providing clear definition of fascial planes and neurovascular structures. Because of its large size, suspicious history, and deep location, this patient’s lesion should be biopsied by percutaneous core needle Table 30. Noticeable enlargement Size >5cm Persistence beyond 4–6 weeks Deep location on exam 30. Skin and Soft Tissues 543 biopsy, a widely used method of biopsy that usually provides ade- quate tissue for diagnosis while being minimally invasive. Fine-needle aspiration is used by some, but tissue obtained using this method can be difficult to assess, and this technique typically is reserved for diag- nosis of suspected recurrence. Many surgeons performing these biop- sies tattoo the biopsy site for later excision, since tumor recurrence within the biopsy needle tract has been reported. The position of the biopsy site for these and other techniques is of significance, since sarcomas exhibit regional morphologic variation, and, as a result, mul- tiple samples may be required for diagnosis. Incisional or excisional biopsy of a suspicious soft tissue mass may be performed when definitive diagnosis cannot be achieved by less invasive means. Small, superficial lesions lend themselves to excisional biopsy, if not located nearby critical anatomic structures that would compromise appropriate surgical margins or in turn be compromised by such excision. For both excisional and incisional biopsy, incisions should be placed over the most superficial point of the tumor and should be oriented longitudinally along the axis of the extremity to facilitate wide local excision of the biopsy site and remaining tumor at a later time. Local hemostasis is critical to prevent seeding of tumor cells into adjacent tissues by hematoma. With more than 30 histologic subtypes and with the anatomic het- erogeneity and rarity of soft tissue sarcomas, a meaningful staging system that accurately describes all forms of the disease is in evolu- tion. Tissue biopsy of the patient’s lesion in Case 6 revealed a grade 2, moderately differentiated liposarcoma. Spread hematogenously, sarcomas of the extremities metastasize most frequently to the lungs. The grade of a sarcoma as determined by biopsy is related to the likelihood of metastasis. Bone metastases are the second most common type of distant disease associated with soft tissue sarcoma; accordingly, technetium bone scanning also might be used by some in staging disease. Prospective randomized studies have shown, however, that limb- sparing surgery with postoperative radiation therapy yields overall survival rates comparable to those achieved with amputation (National Cancer Institute, level I evidence),6 and that this approach results in superior local control of disease compared to surgical resec- tion alone (Table 30. Limb-sparing surgery requires full excision of the mass with wide margins rather than enucleation of the tumor pseudocapsule, which is associated with very high local recurrence rates. No studies to date have defined the ideal margin of resection, but 2cm is an arbitrary and commonly used margin.