By T. Kalesch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ofoxacin* Pregnancy Category-C Schedule H Indicatons Acute uncomplicated cystts cheap 75 mg plavix visa, community acquired pneumonia purchase plavix 75 mg mastercard, acute exacerbaton of chronic bronchits buy discount plavix 75mg on line. Precautons Patents with epilepsy, kidney disease, tendon problem, nervous system problem, liver disease (Appendix 7a), limit alcohol intake, pregnancy (Appendix 7c); lactaton (Appendix 7b). Adverse efects Sinus tachycardia, hallucinaton, Steven’s Johnson syndrome, seizure; dizziness, headache, nausea, vomitng, diarrhoea; insomnia, pruritus, photosensitvity. Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (Penicillin V) Pregnancy Category-B Schedule H Indicatons Streptococcal pharyngits; otts media; erysipelas; mouth infectons; secondary prophylaxis of rheumatc fever; post- splenectomy prophylaxis. Contraindicatons Hypersensitvity to penicillins (see notes above); serious infectons (see notes above). Adverse Efects Hypersensitvity reactons including urtcaria, serum sickness reacton; joint pain, rash, angioedema, anaphylaxis (see notes above); nausea and diarrhoea; epigastric distress, skin eruptons; haemolytc anaemia. Piperacillin + Tazobactam Pregnancy Category-B Schedule H Indicatons Nosocomial pneumonia, infectons following burns, urinary tract infectons. Precautons Pregnancy (Appendix 7c), lactaton; prolonged treatment may increase super infectons, interactons (Appendix 6c). Adverse Efects Hypersensitvity reactons like rash, fever, bronchospasm, vasculits, serum sickness, exfoliatve dermatts, Steven’s-Johnson syndrome, and anaphylaxis. Procaine Benzyl Penicillin (Procaine Penicillin G) Pregnancy Category-B Schedule H Indicatons Syphilis; anthrax; childhood pneumonia; diphtheria carrier state; cellulits; mouth infectons; bites. Dose Intramuscular and intravenous injecton or infusion Adult- Streptococcal infecton and pyroderma: single dose 12 lac units. Precautons History of allergy (see notes above); renal failure; pregnancy (Appendix 7c). Adverse Efects Hypersensitvity reactons including urtcaria, fever, joint pains, rashes, angioedema, anaphylaxis, serum sickness-like reacton, haemolytc anaemia, intersttal nephrits (see also notes above); neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, coagulaton disorders and central nervous system toxicity (associated with high doses and severe renal failure); Jarisch-Herxheimer reacton (during treatment for syphilis and other spirochaete infectons, probably due to release of endotoxins); rarely, non-allergic (embolic- toxic) reactons; pain and infammaton at injecton site. Storage The consttuted soluton should be used immidiately afer preparaton but in any case within the period recommended by the manufacturer. Roxithromycin Pregnancy Category-B Schedule H Indicatons Susceptble infectons; pneumonia, acute bronchits, sinusits, pharyngits, tonsillits, genital infecton. Precautons Hepatc dysfuncton; paediatrics (reduce dose); interactons (Appendix 6d); pregnancy (Appendix 7c). Adverse Efects Diarrhoea; vomitng; nausea; transient rise in liver transaminase; skin rash; gastralgia. Contraindicatons Hypersensitvity to sulfonamides; porphyria; severe renal hepatc impairment, blood dyscrasias, elderly. Adverse Efects Nausea, vomitng, diarrhoea, headache; hypersensitvity reactons including rashes, pruritus,photosensitvityreactons,exfoliatve dermatts and erythema nodosum; rarely, erythema multforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) and toxic epidermal necrolysis; systemic lupus erythematosus, myocardits, serum sickness; crystalluria-resultng in haematuria, oliguria/anuria; blood disorders including granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastc anaemia, purpura-discontnue immediately; also reported, liver damage, pancreatts, antbiotc-associated colits, eosinophilia, cough and shortness of breath, pulmonary infltrates; aseptc meningits, depression, ataxia, tnnitus, vertgo, dizziness, hallucinatons, and electrolyte disturbances; convulsions, hypoprothrombinemia, methaemoglobinemia, anorexia, pancreatts. Dose Adult- 250 mg every 6 h, increase to 500 mg every 6 to 8 h in severe infectons. Non-gonococcal urethrits: 500 mg every 6 h for 7 to 14 days (21 days if failure or relapse afer course is seen). Contraindicatons Depositon of tetracyclines in growing bone and teeth (by binding to calcium) causes staining and occasionally dental hypoplasia and they should not be given to children under 12 years, or to pregnant (Appendix 7c) or lactatng women (Appendix 7b). However, doxycycline may be used in children for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of anthrax when an alternatve antbacterial cannot be given (unlicensed indicaton). With the excepton of doxycycline and minocycline, the tetracyclines may exacerbate renal failure and should not be given to patents with kidney disease; hypersensitvity; interactons (Appendix 6c, 6d) Precautons Used with cauton in patents with hepatc impairment or those receiving potentally hepatotoxic drugs. Tetracyclines may increase muscle weakness in patents with myasthenia gravis and exacerbate systemic lupus erythematosus; antacids and aluminium, calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc salts decrease the absorpton of tetracyclines; milk also reduces the absorpton of tetracyclines, demeclocyclines and oxytetracycline; cerebrovascular sensitsaton, maculopapular rashes, increased blood urea nitrogen, anaemia. Other rare side-efects include hepatotoxicity, pancreatts, blood disorders, photosensitv- ity (partcularly with demeclocycline) and hypersensitvity reactons (including rash, exfoliatve dermatts, Stevens-Johnson syn- drome, urtcaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, pericardits). Headache and visual distur- bances may indicate benign intracranial hypertension (discontnue treatment); bulg- ing fontanelles have been reported in in- fants; anaemia. Trimethoprim Pregnancy Category-C Schedule H Indicatons Urinary-tract infectons; bronchits. Precautons Renal impairment; lactaton (Appendix 7b); predispositon to folate defciency; elderly; blood counts on long-term therapy (but practcal value not proven); neonates (specialist supervision required); pregnancy (Appendix 7c). Adverse Efects Rashes, pruritus; depression of haematopoiesis; gastrointestnal disturbances including nausea and vomitng; rarely, exfoliatve dermatts and toxic epidermal necrolysis, photosensitvity and other allergic reactons including angioedema and anaphylaxis; aseptc meningits; erythema, multforme, elevaton of transaminase and bilirubin. Precautons Avoid rapid infusion (risk of anaphylactoid reactons, see Adverse efects); rotate infusion sites; renal impairment (Appendix 7d); elderly; history of deafness-avoid; plasma-vancomycin concentraton measured afer 3 or 4 doses (earlier if renal impairment), blood counts, urinalysis and renal functon tests-use only in hospital setng; monitor auditory functon and plasma-vancomycin concentratons in elderly or in renal impairment; lactaton (Appendix 7b); pregnancy (Appendix 7c); interactons (Appendix 6c); Pseudomembranous colits. Adverse Efects Nephrotoxicity including renal failure and intersttal nephrits; ototoxicity (discontnue if tnnitus occurs); blood disorders; nausea, chills, fever, eosinophilia, anaphylaxis, rashes, including exfoliatve dermatts, erythema multforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), toxic epidermal necrolysis and vasculits; phlebits; on rapid infusion, severe hypotension (with shock, cardiac arrest), wheezing, dyspnoea, urtcaria, pruritus, fushing of the upper body (‘red man’ syndrome), pain and muscle spasm of back and chest; hypotension, pruritus, haematopoitc febits. Diethylcar- bamazine is efectve against both adult worms and larvae; a single weekly dose is normally efectve as prophylaxis. During individual treatment, partcularly of persons with heavy micro- flaraemia (>50 000 microflariae/ml blood), a conditon simu- latng meningoencephalits occasionally occurs.

Phenobarbital is sometimes used for long-term treatment of epilepsy and is prescribed selectively to treat status epilepticus if hydantoins are ineffective buy 75mg plavix visa. Other barbiturates Mephobarbital cheap 75mg plavix overnight delivery, also a long-acting barbiturate cheap plavix 75mg without prescription, is sometimes used as an anticonvulsant. Primidone, which is closely related chemi- cally to the barbiturates, is also used to treat chronic epilepsy. Pharmacokinetics Each barbiturate has a slightly different set of pharmacokinetic properties. The drug is 20% to 45% bound to serum proteins and to a similar extent to oth- er tissues, including the brain. About 75% of a phenobarbital dose is metabolized by the liver, and 25% is excreted unchanged in urine. Mephobarbital undergoes extensive me- tabolism by the liver; only 1% to 2% is excreted unchanged in urine. Pharmacodynamics Barbiturates exhibit anticonvulsant action at doses below those that produce hypnotic effects. For this reason, they usually don’t produce addiction when used to treat epilepsy. Barbiturates ele- vate the seizure threshold by decreasing postsynaptic excitation. The ma- Adverse jor disadvantage of using phenobarbital for status epilepticus is that it has a delayed onset of action when an immediate response reactions to is needed. Adverse reactions to Consider this phenobarbital and me- Mephobarbital has no advantage over phenobarbital and is used phobarbital include: when the patient can’t tolerate the adverse effects of phenobarbi- • drowsiness, lethargy, tal. Because of monitoring, costs, and dosing frequency, phenobar- and dizziness bital is usually tried before primidone. Primidone may be effective • nystagmus, confusion, in patients who fail to respond to phenobarbital. As a group Reduced effects All three barbiturates Barbiturate use can decrease the effects can produce a hyper- of many drugs, including beta- sensitivity rash, other adrenergic blockers, corticos- rashes, lupus erythe- teroids, digoxin, estrogens, doxy- matosus–like syndrome cycline, oral anticoagulants, hor- (an inflammatory disor- monal contraceptives, quinidine, der), and enlarged lymph phenothiazine, metronidazole, tri- nodes. It effectively treats: • partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures • mixed seizure types • complex partial seizures (drug of choice). Carbamazepine is distributed rapidly to all tissues; 75% to 90% is bound to plasma proteins. Pharmacodynamics Carbamazepine’s anticonvulsant effect is similar to that of pheny- toin. The drug’s anticonvulsant action can occur because of its ability to inhibit the spread of seizure activity or neuromuscular transmission in general. Pharmacotherapeutics Carbamazepine is the drug of choice, in adults and children, for treating: Be aware that • generalized tonic-clonic seizures (sniff! Drug interactions Carbamazepine can reduce the effects of several drugs, including haloperidol, bupropion, lamotrigine, tricyclic antidepressants, oral anticoagulants, hormonal contraceptives, doxycycline, felbamate, theophylline, protease inhibitors, antipsychotics, and valproic acid. Other drug interactions can also occur: • Increased carbamazepine levels and toxicity can occur with the use of cimetidine, danazol, diltiazem, erythromycin, isoniazid, se- lective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, propoxyphene, ketocona- zole, valproic acid, and verapamil. Don’t confuse Tegretol (a brand name for carbamazepine) with Adverse Toradol (a brand name for ketorolac). Because carba- mazepine is related Benzodiazepines structurally to the tri- The four benzodiazepine drugs that provide anticonvulsant ef- cyclic antidepressants, fects are: it can cause similar toxi- • clonazepam cities and affect behav- • clorazepate iors and emotions. Safe and sound Sound-alikes: Diazepam and lorazepam Be careful not to confuse the sound-alike drugs diazepam and lor- azepam. Di- azepam provides only short-term effects and isn’t recommended for long-term treatment because high serum concentrations are needed to control seizures and long-term use can lead to addiction. Metabolism and excretion Benzodiazepines are metabolized in the liver to multiple metabo- lites and are then excreted in urine. Pharmacodynamics Benzodiazepines act as: • anticonvulsants • antianxiety agents • sedative-hypnotics • muscle relaxants. Pharmacotherapeutics Each of the benzodiazepines can be used in slightly different ways. Absence, atypical, and more Diazepam can help Clonazepam is used to treat the following types of seizures: reduce the incidence • absence (petit mal) of recurrent seizures • atypical absence (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in children. Be- cause diazepam provides only short-term effects of less than 1 hour, the patient must also be given a long-acting anticonvulsant, such as phenytoin or phenobarbital, dur- ing diazepam therapy. Adverse reactions to benzodiazepines Most common • Headache • Drowsiness • Tremor • Confusion • Glassy-eyed appearance • Ataxia Less common • Weakness • Depression of the heart and • Dizziness breathing (with high doses and • Nystagmus with I. Valproic acid readily crosses the placental barrier and also ap- pears in breast milk. Pharmacotherapeutics Valproic acid is prescribed for long-term treatment of: • absence seizures • myoclonic seizures • tonic-clonic seizures • partial seizures. Take caution when giving Drug interactions valproic acid to Valproic acid must be used cautiously in children under 2 years patients with old, particularly those receiving multiple anticonvulsants and hepatic disease. In these patients, val- proic acid carries a risk of potentially fatal liver toxicity (primarily in the first 6 months of treatment).

It may be accomplished by performing a separate parallel estimation cheap 75 mg plavix with visa, without using the sample at all buy plavix 75 mg line, and under identical experimental parmeters as employed in the actual analysis of the given sample plavix 75mg visa. Note : Always avoid using an appreciably large blank correction which gives rise to a vague and uncertain ‘exact value’ thereby minimising the precision of the analysis. In short, the results thus obtained by the two fundamen- tally different techniques must be concordant thereby justifying and ascertaining the fact that the values obtained are fairly small limits of error. The actual differ- ence in the quantity of components present in samples with or without the added component ultimately gives the recovery of the quantum added component. A good satisfactory recovery builds up the confidence in the accuracy of the method of analysis. Note : The method of ‘standard addition’ is particularly useful to physicochemical techniques of analysis, for instance : spectrophotometry, turbidimetry. A graph is plotted between the concentration values and the ratios obtained from the physical value (i. Any unknown concentration may be determined effec- tively by adding the same amount of ‘internal standard’ and locating exactly where the ratio obtained falls on the concentration scale. The powerful and effective technique of statistics may render such results, which scatter in a random manner, into a better form that may be employed intelligently. Besides, the specific statistical treatment of the calibration data, aided by pre- programmable calculators and micro-computers, very often yields a fairly accurate and more presentable determination of the graphs between absorbance and concentration than those produced manually. It may be calculated by taking the average of individual results as shown below : i= n ∑ x1 x1 x2 x3 x4...... Therefore, there exists a diminishing return from accumulating more and more replicate meaurements. In other words, the mean of 9 results is 3 times as reliable as 1 result in measuring central tendency (i. Median The median of an even number of results is nothing but the average of the ‘two middle values’ pro- vided the results are listed in order ; whereas for an odd number of results the median is the ‘middle value’ itself. However, the ‘mean’ and the ‘median’ are exactly identical in the case of a truly symmetrical distribu- tion. In short, median is an useful measure specifically when dealing with very small samples. Average Deviation (or Mean Deviation) It is the average of the differences between the individual results and the mean. In the case of a small number of observations the average deviation is found to be not quite significant statistically. The average or mean distribution may be calculated by adopting the following steps, namely : (i) To find the differences between individual results and the mean, without considering the +ve or –ve sign, (ii) To add these individual deviations, and (iii) To divide by the number of results (i. Hence, an ‘average deviation’ may be expressed as : i= n ∑[x1 − x] i =1 Average Deviation = d = n 3B. Standard Deviation It is the distance from the mean to the point of inflexion of the normal distribution curve. In compari- son to the average deviation the ‘standard deviation’ is usually considered to be much more useful and meaningful statistically. For a finite number of values it is normally symbolised as ‘S’, and may be expressed as follows : i= n 2 ∑[i− x] i =1 S = n − 1 In a situation, where ‘n’ is fairly large, say to the extent of 50 or more, it hardly matters whether the denominator in the above expression is either n – 1 or n; however, the former (i. Coefficient of Variation (ν) The coefficient of variation (ν) is simply the standard deviation(s) expressed as a percentage of the mean ( x ) as stated below : s ν = × 100 x 3B. However, the former is fundamentally more important in statistics than the latter, whereas the latter is employed more frequently in the treatment of chemical data. Calculate the mean, median, average deviation, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. In a situation whereby a large number of replicate readings, not less than 50, are observed of a titrimetric equivalence point (continuous variable), the results thus generated shall normally be distributed around the mean in a more or less symmetrical fashion. Thus, the mathematical model which not only fits into but also satisfies such a distribution of random errors is termed as the Normal or Gaussian distribution curve. It is a bell-shaped curve which is noted to be symmetrical about the mean as depicted in Figure 3. The equation of the normal curve may be expressed as given below : 1 (x )2 /2 2 y = e σ 2 where, y = Relative frequency with which random sampling of the infinite population shall bring forth a specific value x, σ = Standard deviation, and µ = Mean. Examples : (a) Burette Reading : Burettes are mostly graduated with the smallest graduation as 0. However, the second place of the decimal is normally estimated by arbitrarily sub-dividing the smallest division into 10 equal parts. Thus, in the latter instance the zeros only serve to locate the decimal point and, therefore, may be eliminated completely by proper choice of units, e. Computation Rules The following computation rules are advocated to make sure that a calculated result, arrived at either by addition and subtraction or multiplication and division essentially contains only the number of ‘digits’ duly justified by the experimental data. Following three steps are to be carried out sequentially : (i) All numbers are required to be rounded up preliminarily to two decimal places, (ii) Add the rounded numbers, and * ‘Digit’—denotes any one of the ten numerals, including the zero. However, the percentage precision of product cannot be greater than the percentage precision of the least precise term entering the calculation. In case, the digit to be dropped is 5, always round up the preceding digit to the nearest even number i.

Nurse led cheap 75mg plavix free shipping, primary care based antiretroviral treatment versus hospital care: a controlled prospective study in Swaziland purchase 75mg plavix with mastercard. Effectiveness and acceptability of delivery of antiretroviral treatment in health centres by health officers and nurses in Ethiopia discount plavix 75 mg without a prescription. Outcome assessment of decentralization of antiretroviral therapy provision in a rural district of Malawi using an integrated primary care model. Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment: a comparison between hospitals and health centers in Ethiopia. Patient retention and attrition on antiretroviral treatment at district level in rural Malawi. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009, 103:594–600. Harmonized monitoring and evaluation indicators for procurement and supply management systems. Збірка містить матеріали науково-практичної конференції молодих вчених та студентів «Актуальні питання створення нових лікарських засобів». Матеріали згруповано за провідними напрямками науково-дослідної та навчальної роботи Національного фармацевтичного університету. Розглянуто теоретичні та практичні аспекти синтезу біологічно-активних сполук і створення на їх основі лікарських субстанцій; стандартизації ліків, фармацевтичного та хіміко-технологічного аналізу; вивчення рослинної сировини та створення фітопрепаратів; сучасної технології ліків та екстемпоральної рецептури; біотехнології у фармації; досягнень сучасної фармацевтичної мікробіології та імунології; доклінічних досліджень нових лікарських засобів; фармацевтичної опіки рецептурних та безрецептурних лікарських препаратів; доказової медицини; сучасної фармакотерапії, соціально-економічних досліджень у фармації, маркетингового менеджменту та фармакоекономіки на етапах створення, реалізації та використання лікарських засобів; управління якістю у галузі створення, виробництва і обігу лікарських засобів; інформаційниих технологій у фармації та медицині; основ педагогіки та психології; суспільствознавства; філології. Book of Abstracts includes materials of Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists and Students «Actual questions of development of new drugs». Materials are groupped according to the main directions of scientific, research and educational work of the National University of Pharmacy. The development of science has always been one of the most important tasks for our university. Because we are both the greatest pharmaceutical educational institution in our country, and the developed research structure, we want to provide not only good specialists, but also new and safe medicines. Of course, nowadays we already have powerful scientific basement – well-known scientists, professors and their achievements. Today 371 medicines with wide range of pharmacological activities are in various stages of implementation. But in order to continue the development of current research areas in the future we need you – students and young scientists with a strong desire to make our life better, healthier, happier. Different Student Scientific Societies have been fruitfully working in every department for 70 years already. Nowadays they unite more than 700 students, among them – students from foreign countries too. Student Scientific Societies are 3 the first step for students and young scientists on the way of improving their skills. You can choose the most interesting for you research area in pharmacy: from synthesis of new biologically active molecules and their analysis to preclinical and clinical testing, industrial aspects or marketing research. You have brilliant opportunity to test yourself in order to find your own way in science during students‘ years. Because altogether we are working for our main goal – development of new, safe and efficient medicines. Thus our Conference «Topical issues of new drugs development» is the first step for you today. Nowadays publication of abstracts is carried out entirely in English, as well as our plenary sessions. The Conference is an important part of your scientific work – an interesting and challenging pathway that leads to PhD degree, then to the degree of Doctor of Science, to professorship. Almost 90 % of our teaching staff, as well as I‘m myself, has started their scientific career the same way. Someone can say that scientific work isn‘t always easy and straight, that it needs lots of energy and even money. But we must understand that without the development of national science it‘s just impossible to make our country strong and independent, as it will be for sure in the nearest future. That‘s why the main goal for us is making science fashionable for talented youth and creating all necessary conditions for your scientific work. Smoking is an act of burning dried tobacco leaves and is inhaled which is easily absorbed into the bloodstream. It is gotten from a tobacco plant, which is dried and folded into cylindrical shapes and called cigarettes. It is also an administration route since combusted substances can easily be absorbed into the bloodstream and work actively in the various parts of the body. Cigarettes have additives substances called Nicotine, it causes aerosol and gases to have deep penetration in the lungs, which can be easily absorbed and causes the addictive character. The aim of the study was identification of harmful substances in cigarettes and their influence on the human body as activator of genetic and non- genetic conditions. Burning incense was also a means of Smoking which was mainly practiced by Babylonians, Chinese and Indians for ritual and religious purposes.