By E. Grobock. Warner Pacific College. 2018.

Diabetes health care professionals spend years working with text- self-care includes routine review and interpretation of numer- books and laboratory experiments before interacting with ical information such as self-monitored blood glucose buy grifulvin v 250 mg otc, food patients safe 250mg grifulvin v. Therefore generic 125 mg grifulvin v fast delivery, the incorporation of evidence-based quantifcation from food labels, and drug dosagesespecially principles into practice is a relatively easy transition for in the case of insulin. However, effective implementation of the more strongly correlated with glycemic control than is gen- patient-centered approach requires a broader skill set that eral health literacy (Osborn 2009; Cavanaugh 2008). When draws on such areas as communication, professionalism, assessing health literacy for the purposes of patient-centered and empathy. Incorporation of these principles will require care in diabetes, the clinician should ideally use a validated an understanding of the evidence that supports a meaningful tool that has a numeracy component. Self-efcacy is a patients confdence in the ability to perform a goal-directed behavior. The functional conceptpatient activationincorporates not only a level of skills consist of reading, writing, and interpreting written infor- confdence but also the patients knowledge and skill level as mation. Patients with high levels of activation to, comprehend, and communicate health-related information are more likely to obtain preventive care and practice positive such as communicating personal health history to a new pro- self-care behaviors (Mosen 2007). The critical components consist of decision-making and Self-management education is consistently recommended navigation of the health care system for selection of a health for patients with diabetes, but the method and manner in which care plan or the locations of providers or services. The mere shar- acy skills involve the interpretation of numeric data such as ing of knowledge does not translate to improved outcomes. Available studies sometimes evaluate the assessment of patient activation are preferred. Its questions can be answered health status and limited health literacy has been demon- either verbally or in written form by the patient. Patient Activation Measure Level Description 1 Patient tends to be overwhelmed and therefore unprepared to play a signifcant role in health care. Depression-Screening Tools usually appropriate for patients to adopt new and healthy Beck Depression Inventory (requires subscription): 21-item multiple-choice questionnaire assessing behaviors. It is important that the patient and provider set cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression for the goals that are reasonable and achievable. Higher values indicate more-intensive a sedentary patient, that may include walking for 15 minutes depressive symptoms. Sum total score of more than 10 is indicative of ratively developing strategies for relapse prevention and on depression. Each item is based on a The integration of physical health and mental health is a four-point scale (0 = rarely; 3 = most/all). Sum total of component of the biopsychosocial perspective of the patient- scores of more than 16 indicates depression. Depression is prevalent in patients with diabe- with nine items scored based on frequency of symp- toms in previous 2 weeks. Each item is scored on a 03 tes and has been associated with lower levels of self-care scale. A score of 3 or greater indicates likely depression and should be confrmed with the used in primary care to screen for depression. Routine screening for depression in primary care remains World Health Organization Five Well-being Index: Ad- controversial primarily because of the lack of randomized ministered by health care professional, fve items with controlled evidence to support beneft, as well as the sub- score of 05 for each based on degree of agreement. It is imperative that the ambulatory percentage for monitoring of changes in well-being over care pharmacist working in diabetes care be able to interpret time. Effective patient-centered care also requires an interprofessional team of clinicians and educa- Barriers to Patient-Centered Care tors, which is not economically feasible for all practices. This model has decreased the allotted time for each interventions is vital to consistent patient-centered care. Screening, evaluation and management of depression in people with diabetes in primary care. Improving the outcomes of disease management by tailoring care to the patients level of activation. Clinician Strategies for Effective elements into each encounter can serve as a behavioral Implementation review of systems and lead to sharper focus on collabo- The ambulatory care clinical pharmacist may apply several rative patient-pharmacist problem solving, goal setting, strategies within the context of patient-centered care to and decision-making related to self-care. Several tools and address factors such as limited health literacy, patient acti- resources that support the framework are available for dia- vation, and psychosocial infuences. The guideline recommenda- care clinical pharmacists are well positioned to implement tions have shifted from a didactic approach to a skills-based or continue those practices. The system is based on the seven Healthy coping self-care behaviors listed in Box 1-2. Patients may select any number of The routine use of decision aids in daily practice facili- those issues for side-by-side comparison of all available tates collaborative, patient-centered care. The side-by-side comparison is are tools designed to involve a patient in health care deci- for dialogue between the patient and the provider in their sions by providing clear and succinct illustrations or shared decision-making. Decision aids also demonstrate a amount, and focus on the provider-patient relationship and positive effect on patient-practitioner communication and shared decision making is emphasized. High-quality and of diabetes and would be a valuable addition to daily prac- effective health care requires adequate patient access (e. Individual health care providers and health high-quality, and efcient care for patients with chronic ill- systems are interested in fnding systematic methods for nesses.

Natural hydrogels under current ejected through a thermal or piezoelectric print head research in 3D printing include: agarose grifulvin v 250 mg lowest price, alginate cheap grifulvin v 250 mg, and accurately placed onto a substrate that is not chitosan grifulvin v 250mg free shipping, gelatin and fibrin [62]. Thermal printheads cannot be crystalizes, thus solidifying the layers together, used for volatile liquids [32]. If piezoelectric crystal either a localised polymerisation reaction may occur actuation is used, the shape of the lead zirconate between the binder and the powder layer [19,62,73]. Piezoelectric actuation loading of the printed form is minimal is not a heat generating process [83]. Inkjet droplet diameter may vary wet granulation due to the fact that drying at room between 10-100 micrometers and its volume temperature or applied heat may be required in order between 1-300 picoliters [32,73,97]. Suitable viscosities and surface given to size related flowability and cohesion issues tensions of the drug inks must be paired in order to [115]. Using a film substrate on which a single, Bone implants coated with antibacterial continuous layer of liquid or suspension is formulation using inkjet printing were also reported deposited is sometimes considered 2D [46,86] [85]. Similarly, the printed droplets solutions to print visible unique patterns (geometric can be freeze-dried using liquid nitrogen [19,33]. Though beeswax based, solid dosage forms were proposed the majority of resins usually employed in this in order to investigate the manipulation and method are toxic or carcinogenic, thus not suitable prediction of drug release models [59]. The in 4D (four dimensions), as they can timely alter microneedle triangular base had equal 150 their shape and drug release potential after micrometers sides, while the microneedles implantation or ingestion when differences in pH or themselves were 500 micrometers tall [10]. The 3D printed One of the most important benefits of 3D printing is pieces can have any geometry [89]. Warping and shrinking of the printed object especially if to operate and there are a large number platform is not thermostated or if the printing chamber is open, allowing the printed object to of producers, this is now the most cool down too suddenly [32,46]. Prerequisite filament formulation is necessary, as no pharmaceutical grade commercial ones are No use of solvents, improved sturdiness available [6,58]. The same bulk filament can be used for Distortion of the filament around the extrusion feeding gears or failure to grip and advance the the preparation of different doses and/or filament may appear, if it doesnt have a consistent diameter [107,115]. Post-printing drying of the printed piece may be necessary and incidental shrinking may alter its physicochemical properties [6,32,77]. For the same reasons, multi-drug, multi-compartment devices could prove difficult to attain [77]. Internal porosity is highly controllable Post-processing is usually required in order to remove the powder residue adhering to the printed [6]. The printed structures have an increased fragility due to high porosity [6,57,77]. Easier production of porous structures Increased risk of agglomeration towards the center of the printed structure [77]. Clogging of the print head may also arise due to nucleation or crystal development in Enables printing down to picoliter supersaturated solutions [95]. Satellite drop formation is an undesired issue determined by a combination of factors, both ink and hardware dependant [87,95]. Touching of the printhead to the substrate may lead to smearing of the drug ink, thus causing unexpected doses in the final printlet [7]. Today, 2014, 17(5): 247-252, Conventional dispensing could shift from traditional doi. Of note, none of these drugs The understanding of this pathogenic mechanism, were able to induce disease remission in all treated along with advances in biopharmaceutical technology patients or even low disease activity - a fact which (recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technique), lead proves the complexity of the disease process. Likewise, mast cells protein coded on chromosome 22q11 and is account for a significant percent of the local production ubiquitously expressed on somatic cells. A meta-analysis from 2016 by Kunwar tract infections, oral herpes and diarrhoea which et al. The efficacy analysis on individual the available results from the first two studies molecules revealed that secukinumab and ixekizumab revealed a similar pattern. Clinical trials have analysis of individual side effects revealed an revealed that it has a good safety profile and that the increased risk of infection. There are at least three possible responses after 3 months with brodalumab was not explanations for this observation: the causal pathogenic significantly different compared to placebo. Since Crohns disease is more frequently associated Journal of immunology, 1999; 162(1): 494-502. Clin Exp necrosis factor inhibitor-methotrexate combination Rheumatol, 2018; 36(1): 50-55. Arthritis & with disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs in rheumatology, 2017; 69(6): 1144-1153. Archivum immunologiae et treatment for 48 weeks in a phase ii study in therapiae experimentalis, 2015; 63(3): 215-221. Rheumatology, 2016; results of secukinumab in patients with rheumatoid 55(1): 49-55. Arthritis research, 2001; monoclonal antibody, in rheumatoid arthritis patients 3(3): 168-177. Immunology, 2014; disease and ulcerative colitis show unique cytokine 141(3): 353-361.

Organelle | A specialized cheap grifulvin v 125mg, membrane-bound structure that has a dened cellular function grifulvin v 250 mg with mastercard; Membrane | A thin covering surrounding a cell for example effective 250 mg grifulvin v, the nucleus. Pharmacodynamics | The study of how drugs Metabolism | All enzyme-catalyzed reactions act at target sites of action in the body. Steroid | A type of molecule that has a multiple ring structure, with the rings sharing molecules Receptor | A specialized molecule that receives of carbon. Toxicology | The study of how poisonous substances interact with living organisms. X-ray crystallography | A technique used to determine the detailed, three-dimensional structure of molecules based on the scattering of X rays through a crystal of the molecule. A cell, which is the basic building block of tissue, contains on the aver- age 1014 atoms. These phenomena are so dier- ent from the predictable properties of inanimate matter that many scientists in the early 19th century believed that dierent laws governed the structure and organization molecules in living matter. These molecules tend to be larger and more com- plex than molecules obtained from inorganic sources. It was thought that the large molecules found in living matter could be produced only by living organ- isms through a vital force that could not be explained by the existing laws of physics. This concept was disproved in 1828 when Friedrich Wohler synthe- sized an organic substance, urea, from inorganic chemicals. Soon thereafter many other organic molecules were synthesized without the intervention of biological organisms. Today most scientists believe that there is no special vital force residing in organic substances. The atomic structure of many complex biological molecules has now been determined, and the role of these molecules within living systems has been described. It is now possible to explain the functioning of cells and many of their interactions with each other. Even when the structure of a complex molecule is known, it is not possible at present to predict its function from its atomic structure. The mechanisms of cell nourishment, growth, reproduction, and communication are still understood only qualitatively. However, biological research has so far not revealed any areas where physical laws do not apply. The amazing properties of life seem to be achieved by the enormously complex organization in living systems. The aim of this book is to relate some of the concepts in physics to living systems. Each chapter contains a brief review of the background physics, but most of the text is devoted to the applications of physics to biology and medicine. The biological systems to be discussed are described in as much detail as is necessary for the physical analysis. Whenever possible, the analysis is quantitative, requiring only basic algebra and trigonometry. We calculate the height to which a person can jump, and we discuss the eect of an animals size on the speed at which it can run. In our study of uids we examine quantitatively the circulation of blood in the body. The theory of uids allows us also to calculate the role of diusion in the functioning of cells and the eect of surface tension on the growth of plants in soil. Using the principles of electricity, we analyze quantitatively the conduction of impulses along the nervous system. There are, of course, severe limits on the quantitative application of physics to biological systems. Many of the advances in the life sciences have been greatly aided by the application of the techniques of physics and engineering to the study of living systems. Both in common use and in the sci- entic literature one often nds pressure also expressed in units of dynes/cm2, Torr (mm Hg), psi, and atm. In those cases conversion factors have been provided either within the text or in a compilation at the end of Appendix A. Hobbie and David Cinabro for their careful reading of the manuscript and helpful suggestions. In this third edition I want to express my appreciation for the encouragement and compe- tent direction of Tom Singer and Jason Malley editors at Elsevier/Academic Press and for the help of Sarah Hajduk and Ramesh Gurusubramanian in the production of this edition. It was the rst branch of physics that was applied success- fully to living systems, primarily to understanding the principles governing the movement of animals.

The corresponding median score in those assigned to the propionyl-L carnitine plus acetyl-L-carnitine group changed from 8 (range 522) to 24 (range 829) (within group difference: p <0 buy grifulvin v 125 mg visa. One trial evaluated and compared the efficacy and harms outcomes of oral testosterone plus sildenafil compared with sildenafil 93 145 alone purchase 125mg grifulvin v visa. The men were randomized to receive a 2-month treatment with either oral testosterone undecanoate (120 mg daily) plus sildenafil (50-100 mg) or sildenafil alone buy 125mg grifulvin v with visa. Apart from mild headaches occurring in three patients taking sildenafil 100 mg, no serious adverse events were observed. The active treatment arms each lasted for at least 6 months, while the placebo treatment lasted for 2 months. Patients with major disorders, a history of substance abuse, obesity, or major psychopathology were excluded from the trial. Patients with psychiatric disorders or abnormal prostate exam result (men aged > 50 years) were excluded. In the third trial, men who received testosterone were more likely to report acne (testosterone: 20. Differences between men in the testosterone and placebo groups with respect to the occurrence of irritability (17. In the first trial, weekly frequency of erections in the testosterone and placebo treatment groups were 7. There was no difference in the degree of erection during 94 sex with partner (scale 16, with = none and 6 = full), with a mean score of 5. The weekly frequency of erection was not different between the two groups of testosterone and human chorionic gonadotropin treatment (7. The efficacy and harms of gel testosterone versus placebo 317 were compared in one trial In this trial, 406 hypogonadal men (total T <300 ng/dL) aged 20 80 years (mean age: 58 years) reporting one or more symptoms of low testosterone deficiency (i. One participant from the group treated with 50 mg gel testosterone, five in the group treated with 100 mg gel testosterone, and none treated with placebo withdrew due to an adverse event. At day 30, among men with sexual partners (63 percent of randomized men), 24 percent of placebo-treated men reported an increase from baseline in the number of days in the past week with sexual intercourse, compared with 31 percent of 50 mg gel testosterone-treated men (p <0. The efficacy and harms of gel testosterone 317,320,327 327 versus patch testosterone was compared in three trials. In the first trial, 227 men aged 19-68 years (mean age: 58 years) with total testosterone levels <10. Both trials randomized men to 50 mg gel testosterone (Testim) daily versus 100 mg gel testosterone (Testim) daily (deliver a daily dose of 5 and 10 mg testosterone, respectively). The first of these trials included an additional group randomized to 5 mg patch testosterone 320 (Andropatch), and the second trial randomized two additional groups to 24. The second of these trials reported that withdrawals due to adverse events occurred in one 50 mg gel testosterone subject, five 100 mg gel testosterone subjects, and 15 patch testosterone subjects. In the same trial, two patients in the patch testosterone arm were diagnosed 317 with prostate cancer. In the first trial, patients in the gel testosterone group experienced slightly greater sexual enjoyment compared with those receiving the testosterone patch (p = 0. Similarly, all three groups significantly improved from baseline, but without between- group differences for the domains of sexual motivation and sexual desire. Although spontaneous erections were significantly increased in frequency compared with baseline in both gel testosterone groups, and not in the patch testosterone group, there were no significant between- treatment group differences. At day 30, among men with sexual partners for whom these data were reported (61 percent of randomized men), 31 percent of 50 mg gel testosterone men reported an increase from baseline in the number of days in the past week with sexual intercourse versus 39 percent of 100 mg gel testosterone men (versus 50 mg, p 0. One trial compared the efficacy and 231 harms of gel testosterone versus gel testosterone plus tadalafil. Men were randomized to 50 mg gel testosterone (Testogel) 96 daily for 4 weeks followed by concurrent treatment with tadalafil 20 mg twice weekly for 9 weeks versus 50 mg gel testosterone (Testogel) daily for 10 weeks followed by concurrent treatment with tadalafil 20 mg twice weekly for 3 weeks. The men, refractory to prior sildenafil therapy were randomized to 1 percent gel testosterone daily plus 100 mg sildenafil once daily for each day with sexual activity as needed for 12 weeks versus 100 mg sildenafil as needed. One subject in gel testosterone plus sildenafil arm withdrew due to adverse events. There were no withdrawals due to adverse events among patients receiving sildenafil alone. In men receiving gel testosterone plus sildenafil, the mean number of successful sexual attempts (per week) ranged from 1. Cream testosterone versus cream testosterone plus isosorbide dinitrate plus co dergocrine. One trial compared the efficacy and harms of cream testosterone versus cream 322 testosterone plus isosorbide dinitrate plus co-dergocrine. Each treatment was to be applied daily at bedtime to the penile shaft and glans; if intercourse was going to occur then the cream was applied 15 minutes before intercourse. Five men who received combination therapy reported a mild transient headache versus none who received cream testosterone alone. Among all men with complete responses, those who received cream testosterone plus isosorbide dinitrate plus co-dergocrine reported a mean of 6.

Phenomenal advances in cancer research in the past 50 years have given us an insight into how cancer cells develop this autonomy grifulvin v 125 mg without prescription. We now defne cancer as a disease that involves changes or mutations in the cell genome order 250 mg grifulvin v otc. Uncontrolled proliferation of these abnormal cells is followed by a second mutation leading to the mildly aberrant stage purchase grifulvin v 125 mg otc. Cancer is a multi-gene, multi-step disease originating from single abnormal cell (clonal origin). Successive rounds of mutation & natural selection leads to a mass of abnormal cells called tumours. Some cells in the tumour undergo further rounds of mutations leading to the formation of malignant cells which cause metastasis. Death as a result of cancer is due to the invading, eroding and spread of tumours into normal tissues due to uncontrolled clonal expansion of these somatic cells. Normal cells are subject to signals that regulate their proliferation and behaviour. All cancers disrupt normal controls of cell proliferation & for each cell there is a fnite number of ways this disruption can occur. Cancer cells develop a degree of autonomy from external regulatory signals that are responsible for normal cellular homeostasis. Subsequent mutations lead to malignant tumour which break through the basal membrane and spread to distant locations Download free eBooks at bookboon. Some people have cells that contain either type A or type B but no cell contains both, hence tissues are a mosaic of cells with these two types. Since normal tissues on the other hand, are a mosaic of cells with both type A & B, this clearly demonstrates the clonal origins of cancer. Tese factors can act together or in sequence, resulting in abnormal cell behaviour and excessive proliferation. As a result, cell masses grow and expand, afecting surrounding normal tissues (such as in the brain), and can also spread to other locations in the body (metastasis). Te average number of cells formed in any individual during an average lifetime is 1016 (10 million cells being replaced every second! It would therefore be logical to assume that human populations anywhere in the world would show similar frequencies of cancer. However, cancer incidence rates (number of individuals diagnosed) vary dramatically across countries. Evidently, some factors seem to intervene to dramatically increase cancer incidences in some populations. Te obvious inference is that contributory factors that cause cancer are either hereditary or environmental. It means that either certain populations carry a large number of cancer-susceptibility genes or that the environment in which populations live largely contribute to the cancer incidence rates. While genes are distributed unequally across populations, they do not explain the diferences in cancer incidence rates in the world. Incidences of stomach cancer are 68 times higher among Japanese compared to Americans. However, children of migrant Japanese settled in America show incidence rates of stomach cancer comparable to that of the American population. Terefore, the risk of developing cancer seems largely environmental, accounting for more than 90% of all cancers caused. In the late 18th century, Sir Percival Pott reported that scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps was linked to poor hygiene and accumulation of cancer-causing agents from soot. Te Danish Chimney sweepers Guild recommended daily baths and was the most likely reason for the dramatic reduction in scrotal cancer incidence rates in Europe. In 1950, compelling epidemiological evidence showed that heavy cigarette smokers ran a 20-fold higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers. Excessive alcohol use has been linked to liver and mouth/throat cancers in both males and females. Smoking and tobacco use signifcantly increases the risk of lung cancers equally in males and females, and there is also a slightly higher risk of mouth/throat cancers. Incidences of skin cancers (melanomas) are on the rise, especially in Australia, due to exposure to high levels of ultraviolet radiation in the suns rays and popularity of tanning salons. However the risk of developing some of these cancers can be reduced by changing lifestyles and vaccines (like Gardasil which reduces the risk of cervical carcinomas). Initiation and progression of cancer is also due to exposure to cancer-causing agents (carcinogens, mutagens). Tese are present in food and water, in the air, and in chemicals and sunlight that people are exposed to.

Your body is This is a result of nerve damage caused by high having trouble getting energy from glucose cheap grifulvin v 250mg online. Unless the damage is severe order 250 mg grifulvin v with amex, these sensations may slowly go away when your blood Intense thirst and frequent urination discount 125 mg grifulvin v mastercard. Thats because even though they may have plenty of glucose in their Frequent infections, or cuts and sores that are bloodstream, their cells are starving for energy. High blood glucose can increase your response, their bodies prompt them to eat more. Some people find that The bacteria and fungi that cause infection thrive theyre losing weight, even though they may be in a high-glucose environment. As glucose untreated diabetes, your whole body is probably a builds up in your blood, it spills into your urine. Type 2 usually develops more gradually, so someone with this type of diabetes may not notice any symptoms in the early stages. Two different types of blood tests are used to figure out your blood glucose levels. The HbA1c test reflects average glucose levels Some people have over time and is discussed on page 45. This page discusses blood glucose just a touch of diabetes it depends testing, which directly measures your glucose levels at the time of testing. Most blood glucose tests actually measure the amount of glucose in the liquid part of your blood called the blood plasma rather than the A diabetes diagnosis isnt a amount of glucose in your whole blood. Using the standard criteria shown in the table on the To diagnose and monitor diabetes, healthcare providers test your plasma next page, your healthcare glucose levels. In the United States, plasma or whole blood glucose are provider can use test results measured in milligrams per deciliter, or mg/dL. If yours you have either, you need doesnt and instead measures the amount of glucose in your whole to take it seriously and blood then it may be an old meter. The inheritance of diabetes Researchers dont fully understand why some people get diabetes and others dont. After all, the things I do really arent that different from what everyone should do for their health. This chapter describes what you can expect from diabetes treatment right now and whats on the horizon. You have a chronic (lifelong) illness that you need to continually monitor and manage. Diabetes is highly controllable, and you can have a long and healthy life in spite of your disease. Thanks to medical research, today we know a lot about what you can do to take care of yourself. Learning about and doing these things can be a challenge, but it will yield a big reward: your good health. Although no one knows for they dramatically changed the certain what the future of diabetes care looks like, its reasonable to expect lives of people with diabetes. Today, research continues Right now, scientists are working to better understand the following: to improve diabetes care. Their websites and newsletters can give you the most up-to-date news about diabetes research. Glucose control is vital but theres more to diabetes If controlling three health conditions at once sounds treatment than that. People with diabetes are more likely to die of a heart attack or stroke than of You might have separate any other cause. High blood medications for glucose, blood pressure and high cholesterol are nearly always factors as well. But, you dont have to do play a role in other complications of diabetes, such as kidney disease. Thats different things for each why doctors now set three main goals for diabetes treatment: control of blood condition. Self-management affects many different aspects of your life, and at first, youll probably need to make changes in your lifestyle. For most people with diabetes, this means taking on the key activities summarized below (and explained in detail later in this guide). It may take a while before you understand how each piece works and how they fit together but you can do it. Diabetes is a physical disease, but like any chronic condition, diabetes can also affect your emotions. So as you learn to care for your body, learn to care for your mind and spirit as well. See pages 87 to 89 for advice on managing stress and dealing with depression and diabetes burnout.

Desc: organic 100% buy 250 mg grifulvin v free shipping, spinal cord injury 100% discount 125 mg grifulvin v overnight delivery, Rx: Placebo [25 cheap 125mg grifulvin v fast delivery,100]T Discontinued: 2%/4/174 Discont. Desc: Rx: sildenafil 50 Grp: 90 All patients all phases - placebo - all with age: 37(21,49) duration: 7. Desc: diabetes 100%, Rx: sildenafil [25,100]T Grp: 90 Placebo age: 57(27,79) duration: 5. Desc: diabetes 100%, Rx: sildenafil Lost: /0/ Grp: 90 placebo age: duration: Pts: 21 Pt. Sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: efficacy in patients taking concomitant antihypertensive therapy. Desc: Rx: sildenafil [5,100] Grp: 2 No antihypertensives + sildenafil age: duration: Pts: Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil [5,100] Grp: 90 On antihypertensives + placebo age: duration: Pts: Pt. Desc: Rx: Placebo [5,100] Grp: 91 No antihypertensives + palcebo age: duration: Pts: Pt. Efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 329 patients. Desc: organic 1%, psychogenic 59%, mixed 40%, Rx: sildenafil 10 Lost: /1/ Discontinued: /7/ Discont. Desc: organic 1%, psychogenic 61%, mixed 38%, Rx: sildenafil 25 Lost: /1/ Discontinued: /7/ Discont. Desc: organic 0%, psychogenic 59%, mixed 41%, Rx: sildenafil 50 Lost: /0/ Discontinued: /11/ Discont. Desc: Rx: sildenafil 10 Grp: 5 Mixed etiology patients on 10mg sildenafil age: duration: Pts: 36 Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil 10 Grp: 6 Psychogenic patients on 25 mg sildenafil age: duration: Pts: 52 Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil 25 Grp: 7 Mixed etiology pts on 25 mg sildenafil age: duration: Pts: 32 Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil 25 Grp: 8 Psychogenic patients on 50 mg sildenafil age: duration: Pts: 48 Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil 50 Grp: 9 Mixed etiology patients on 50 mg sildenafil age: duration: Pts: 33 Pt. Desc: organic 0%, psychogenic 54%, mixed 46%, Rx: Placebo 999 Lost: /4/ Discontinued: /9/ Discont. Desc: Rx: Placebo Grp: 92 Mixed etiology patients on placebo age: duration: Pts: 44 Pt. Desc: mixed 100%, Rx: sildenafil [25,100]T Grp: 90 entire placebo group age: 54(23,82) duration: 5. Desc: neurogenic 100%, Rx: Lost: /2/ Grp: 1 25 mg sildenafil age: (19,35) duration: Pts: 17 Pt. Desc: neurogenic 100%, Rx: sildenafil 25 Grp: 2 50 mg sildenafil age: (19,35) duration: Pts: 17 Pt. Desc: neurogenic 100%, Rx: sildenafil 50 Grp: 3 All patients getting sildenafil age: duration: Pts: 17 Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil Grp: 90 25 mg placebo = placebo #1 age: (19,35) duration: Pts: 17 Pt. Desc: neurogenic 100%, Rx: Placebo 25 Grp: 91 50 mg placebo = placebo #2 age: (19,35) duration: Pts: 17 Pt. Desc: neurogenic 100%, Rx: Placebo 50 Grp: 92 All patients getting placebo age: duration: Pts: 17 Pt. Desc: Post-proctectomy for rectal cancer 38%, Post-proctectomy for Rx: inflammatory bowel disease 62%, Lost: /0/ Discont. Desc: Rx: sildenafil T Grp: 3 All pts receiving sildenafil (before and after age: duration: Pts: 9 crossover) s/p rectal cancer resection Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil [25,100]T Grp: 6 1 risk factor on sildenafil age: duration: Pts: Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil [25,100]T Grp: 7 2 or more risk factors on sildenafil age: duration: Pts: Pt. Desc: Rx: sildenafil [25,100]T Grp: 90 Black patients on placebo age: 54(23,81) duration: 5. Desc: Rx: Placebo [25,100]T Grp: 95 1 risk factor on placebo age: duration: Pts: Pt. Desc: Rx: Placebo [25,100]T Grp: 96 2 or more risk factors on placebo age: duration: Pts: Pt. Desc: organic 39%, psychogenic 44%, mixed 16%, Rx: Grp: 1 Patients taking sildenafil age: 57.