By C. Lester. Sweet Briar College.

These plants are traditionally used as remedy for the treatment of sinusitis and malaria order 160 mg super kamagra visa. The identifies of all of the isolated compounds were determined by measurement of their melting points super kamagra 160 mg low cost, some physico-chemical properties and also by modern spectroscopic techniques super kamagra 160mg. All of these extracts were tested on 6 strains of pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albican and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar plate diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds such as vitexilactone, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, a mixture of fatty acid ethyl esters (E) and n-hexadecanoic acid were also determined by agar plate diffusion method against S. Among them, vitexilactone and p-hydroxy benzoic acid and mixture of fatty acid esters (E) were found to exhibit the antimicrobial activity effectively against the S. Therefore, from these observations it can be inferred that vitexilactone and p-hydroxy benzoic acid, oil mixture (E) and n-hexadecanoic acid can be used in the treatment of diseases namely; sinusitis, skin infections, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, external ear infections, septicemia, tuberculosis and leprosy etc. The morphological and microscopical characters of the leaves, stems and roots were also studied. In morphological study, the plant is annual herb; the stem is ascending or spreading, simple or much branched. Microscopical characters of leaves, stems and roots were also undertaken and examination of powdered drug were carried out for standardization of drugs. In microscopical study, the epidermal cell of lower and upper surface of lamina were wavy and covered with striated cuticle. Calcium oxalate crystals formed as bundles of raphide present in spongy layers of leaves, cortex layers of leaves, cortex layers of stems and peridem layer of roots. The collected plants were dried, powdered and stored in airtight bottle for further use. The preliminary phytochemical examination was carried out to examine the chemical constituents. This examination showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, amino acid, phenolic compounds, reducing sugar, saponins, steroid, tannins and terpenoids. Physicochemical characterization such as moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, polar to non-polar soluble matter content were carried out to determine the soluble matter content. Isolation of chemical constituents of the plant extract was carried out by silica gel column chromatography and selective solvent solubility method. Various solvent extracts of plant and isolated compounds (oleanolic acid and asperuloside) were tested against different microorganisms for their antimicrobial activity by using agar well diffusion method. It was found that isolated compounds showed more significant antimicrobial activity than different solvent extract. The acute toxicity test was carried out with 70% ethanolic extract of Su–la–na-pha by using albino mice. It was observed that the 70% ethanolic extract was free from acute toxicity or harmful effect during observation period of 2 weeks even with maximum permissible dose of 16g/kg. Using albino rats at 6g/kg dose tested diuretic activity of 70% ethanolic extract of O. Investigation of some bioactive and bioactive constituents of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2008 The present research deals with the investigation of some bioactive constituents from the roots of Achyranthes aspera Linn. The acute toxicity study on aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera Linn. In vivo investigation of diuretic activity of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extract of two selected plants was systematically studied on albino rats. The maximum effects of aqueous and ethanolic extract of both plants were observed at 2hr of the experiment (p<0. The isolated compound E (vitexin rhamnoside) also exhibited significant diuretic activity at the dose of 100mg/kg body weight and the maximum effect was observed at 2hr and 3hr of the study (p< 0. Among all the test samples, the isolated compound E (vitexin rhamnoside) showed the highest radical scavenging activity at the dry amount (100µg-400µg). Investigation on some chemical constituents and biological activities of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Isolation was furnished by silica gel column chromatographic separation of ethanol extract followed by repeated crystallization. On the basis of spectroscopic measurements, compound A (3,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy flavone) (0. The relaxation effect on smooth muscle of isolated rat ileum induced contraction by carbachol (20µg/ml bc) was investigated in vitro by using different concentration of ethanol extract and some isolated compounds of K. Similarly, anti-spasmodic effect of compound E was found to be reduced the height of contraction to 1.

Determining the cause of stress bars is often difficult because they represent a problem that occurred when the feather was developing order super kamagra 160mg with amex. The problem had been pre- Occluded Ear Openings sent since hatching 160mg super kamagra for sale, and the aviculturist had been incorrectly told that this was normal and would resolve with age generic super kamagra 160 mg online. If corrected from Occlusions of the external openings of the ears are hatching, this problem can be resolved by gently pulling the upper most often seen in macaws, (especially Military Ma- beak forward and placing it over the lower beak for about ten caws). If allowed to progress, as in this cockatoo, repair requires surgical intervention (see Chapter 42). This material should be removed by curettage and flushing, cultured for bacteria and fungus, and the ear treated with appropriate topical and systemic antibiotics. Eyelid Malformation Malformation of the eyelids resulting in a narrow aperture is occasionally seen in cockatiels. The bird was being fed a homemade diet with a baby cereal base that was nutritionally reported cases, the aperture closed following treat- deficient. If the canal fails to open, it should be explored with blunt forceps and an opening surgically created if necessary. If a small hole is found, it can often be enlarged by stretching it with the tips of a pair of hemostats. Loxahatchee, Avicultu- Jean Delacour/Intl Foundation for hepatic biliary cyst in a congo African of Cage and Aviary Birds 2nd ed. J Am Vet rum biochemical reference intervals an African grey parrot and an um- Avian Vet 1990, 12-24. J Zoo Wildlife Med rum biochemical reference intervals rots: Methodology and expected 1986, pp 333-340. Clubb K, Clubb S: Management of Breeding and Research Center, 1992, Medicine 1:11-21, 1992. The diet of every avian patient should be carefully evaluated, even if the bird appears clinically to be well nourished. Marginal nutritional inadequacies frequently occur (see Chapter 8), and correcting the 31 diet will improve a bird’s general health and its ability to resist infectious diseases. Gastrointestinal malabsorption, hepatitis or renal disease can in- crease nutrient requirements so that diets that are sufficient in healthy birds may be insufficient for unhealthy birds. Interestingly, free-ranging gra- nivorous birds that are offered both organic (no pes- ticides) and pesticide-treated grains will preferen- tially consume the organic foods. Birds with signs of malnutrition have often devel- oped strong preferences for unbalanced diets. Most seed diets, for example, contain excessive levels of fat and may be deficient in vitamins A, D3, E, B12 and K1, plus riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin, choline, iodine, iron, copper, manganese, selenium, Patricia Macwhirter sodium, calcium, zinc and some amino acids (eg, lysine and methionine). Gradually decreasing the quantity of old food items and increasing the quantity of new foods in the mixture will allow for a smooth transition in the diet. Converting birds housed in large groups to a new diet is often easier than converting individual birds. Ketosis was seen in some Obesity is the most common and the most severe cockatoos that refused to eat during the transition to malnutrition-related problem recognized in avian formulated diets. Obesity occurs if the energy loss, diarrhea, weakness, lethargy and possible vomi- content of the diet is excessive for the energy de- tion. Ketonuria can be demonstrated by a reagent strip mands created by normal metabolic functions and examination of the urine. In some cases, obesity will be trose, supportive alimentation and placing the bird secondary to the over-consumption of food in a bird back on its regular diet. Associated with Malnutrition Because companion birds frequently have limited opportunities for exercise, the energy content of their diet needs to be monitored closely. In species prone to obesity, it is important to avoid offering foods that Avian veterinarians encounter a different type of have high caloric densities and to avoid excessive malnutrition today than was described five to ten quantities of attractive, palatable food. Nutrient deficiencies were historically twice the caloric density of either carbohydrates or common, but with the use of formulated diets in proteins, and foods containing high levels of fats combination with vitamin and mineral supplementa- (such as peanuts or sunflower seeds) should be lim- tion, many malnutrition problems noted today are a ited. Fresh fruit and vegetables have lower calorie densities than dried foods or seeds and should make up a sizable portion of a low-energy diet. Decreasing caloric intake can also be achieved by restricting feeding times (eg, ten minutes in the morning and evening) rather that offering food ad lib. Ideally, com- panion birds should be fed pelleted or extruded foods supplemented with small quantities of fresh fruit and vegetables. Some formulated diets may be helpful in controlling obesity and fatty liver problems. In this case, roidism, thyroxine supplementation is recommended a cockatiel is being used to acclimate a parakeet to a formulated (see Chapter 23). Low Body Weight/Poor Growth Low body weight or poor growth can be the result of inadequate food intake, which in turn can be caused by an insufficient quantity of food, inappropriate diet, unfamiliar food items, infrequent feeding, weaning onto solid foods too early, or loss of appetite, maldigestion or malassimilation of food caused by medical problems.