By P. Domenik. Union College. 2018.

Patents should be told the importance of regular dosing (intermitent therapy may increase sensitzaton) epivir-hbv 150 mg cheap, how to recognize signs of hypersensitvity and advised to seek immediate medical atenton if symptoms develop or before re-startng treatment generic 100mg epivir-hbv with visa. Potentally life-threatening lactc acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis reported-cauton in liver disease generic 150 mg epivir-hbv with mastercard, liver enzyme abnormalites, or risk factors for liver disease (partcularly in obese women); suspend or discontnue if deterioraton in liver functon tests, hepatc steatosis, progressive hepatomegaly or unexplained lactc acidosis. Contraindicatons Hypersensitvity; pancreatts; co- administraton of allopurinol and ribavirin. Precautons History of pancreatts (preferably avoid, otherwise extreme cauton, see also below); peripheral neuropathy or hyperuricaemia (see under Adverse efects); history of liver disease (see below); renal and hepatc impairment (see Appendices 7d and 7a); pregnancy (Appendix 7c) and lactaton (Appendix 7b) (see notes above); dilated retnal examinatons recommended (especially in children) every 6 months, or if visual changes occur; interactons (Appendix 6c, 6d); immune reconsttuton syndrome, fat redistributon, retnal changes and optc neurits. If symptoms of pancreatts develop or if serum amylase or lipase is raised (even if asymptomatc) suspend treatment untl diagnosis of pancreatts excluded; on return to normal values re-initate treatment only if essental (using low dose increased gradually if appropriate). Whenever possible avoid concomitant treatment with other drugs known to cause pancreatc toxicity (for example intravenous pentamidine isothionate); monitor closely if concomitant therapy unavoidable. Since signifcant elevatons of triglycerides cause pancreatts monitor closely if elevated. Precautons Monitor patients with hepatitis B (risk of exacerbation of hepatitis); obesity, lactic acidosis, severe hepatomegaly, co- infection with hepatitis B virus; pregnancy (Appendix 7c). Adverse Efects Gastro-intestnal disturbances (such as nausea, vomitng, abdominal pain, fatulence and diarrhoea); anorexia; pancreatts; liver damage (see also Lactc Acidosis, above); dyspnoea; cough, headache; insomnia; dizziness; fatgue; blood disorders (including anaemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia); myalgia, arthralgia, rash, urtcaria and fever. Contraindicatons Pregnancy (Appendix 7c); lactaton (Appendix 7b); hepatc dysfuncton (Appendix 7a); renal disease (Appendix 7d). Precautons Renal impairment (Appendix 7d); hepatc disease (see below); pregnancy (Appendix 7c) and lactaton (Appendix 7b) (see notes above); interactons (Appendix 6c). Potentally life-threatening lactc acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis reported therefore cauton (partcularly in obese women) in liver disease, liver enzyme abnormalites, or risk factors for liver disease; suspend or discontnue if deterioraton in liver functon tests, hepatc steatosis, progressive hepatomegaly or unexplained lactc acidosis. Recurrent hepatts in patents with chronic hepatts B may occur on discontnuaton of lamivudine. Adverse Efects Nausea, vomitng, diarrhoea, abdominal pain; cough; headache, fatgue, insomnia; malaise, fever, rash, alopecia, muscle disorders; nasal symptoms; peripheral neuropathy reported; rarely, pancreatts (discontnue); neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and red-cell aplasia; lactc acidosis; raised liver enzymes and serum amylase. Dose Oral Adult- Under 60 kg: 30 mg every 12 h preferably at least 1 h before food. Precautons History of peripheral neuropathy (see below); history of pancreatts or concomitant use with other drugs associated with pancreatts; hepatc disease (see below); renal impairment; pregnancy (Appendix 7c) and lactaton (Appendix 7b) (see notes above); fat redistributon, immune reconsttuton syndrome. Suspend if peripheral neuropathy develops- characterized by persistent numbness, tngling or pain in feet or hands; if symptoms resolve satsfactorily on withdrawal and if stavudine needs to be contnued, resume treatment at half previous dose. Potentally life-threatening lactc acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis reported therefore cauton in liver disease, liver enzyme abnormalites, or risk factors for liver disease (partcularly in obese women); suspend or discontnue if deterioraton in liver functon tests, hepatc steatosis, progressive hepatomegaly or unexplained lactc acidosis. Adverse Efects Peripheral neuropathy (dose-related, see above); pancreatts; nausea, vomitng, diarrhoea, constpaton, anorexia, abdominal discomfort; chest pain; dyspnoea; headache, dizziness, insomnia, mood changes; asthenia, musculoskeletal pain; infuenza- like symptoms, rash and other allergic reactons; lymphadenopathy; neoplasms; elevated liver enzymes (see hepatc disease, above) and serum amylase; neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. Precautons Should be used with cauton in patents with chronic hepatts B or C (greater risk of hepatc side-efects), in hepatc impairment, in renal impairment and in pregnancy (Appendix 7c). Test renal functon and serum phosphate before treatment, then every 4 weeks (more frequently if at increased risk of renal impairment) for 1 year and then every 3 months, interrupt treatment if renal functon deteriorates or serum phosphate decreases; concomitant or recent use of nephrotoxic drugs; on discontnuaton, monitor patents with hepatts B (risk of exacerbaton of hepatts). Adverse Efects Gastro-intestnal disturbances (such as nausea, vomitng, abdominal pain, fatu- lence and diarrhoea); anorexia; pancreatts; liver damage; dyspnoea; cough; headache, insomnia, dizziness, fatgue; blood disorders (including anaemia, neutropenia and throm- bocytopenia); myalgia, arthralgia, rash, urt- caria and fever. See notes above for metabol- ic efects and lipodystrophy; hypophospha- taemia; reduced bone density; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and renal failure; lactc acidosis, decrease in bone mineral density, acute exacerbaton of hepatts. Child- neonates- 2 mg/kg every 6 hour for frst 6 weeks of life, startng with12 hour afer birth. Contraindicatons Abnormally low neutrophil counts or haemoglobin; neonates either with hyperbi- lirubinaemia requiring treatment other than phototherapy or with raised transaminase; life threatening allergic reactons. Adverse Efects Anaemia (may require transfusion), neutropenia and leukopenia (all more frequent with high dose and advanced disease); also nausea and vomitng, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, fatulence, taste disturbance, pancreatts, liver disorders including faty change and raised bilirubin and liver enzymes (see hepatc disease, above); chest pain, dyspnoea, cough; infuenza-like symptoms; headache; fever; paraesthesia, neuropathy; convulsions; dizziness; somnolence, insomnia; anxiety; depression; malaise; anorexia; asthenia; myopathy; myalgia; pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia; gynaecomasta; urinary frequency; rash, pruritus, pigmentaton of nail, skin and oral mucosa. Contraindicatons Pregnancy (see notes above and (Appendix 7c); substtute nevirapine for efavirenz in pregnant women or women for whom efectve contracepton cannot be assured); hypersensitvity. Precautons Hepatc impairment (avoid if severe; Appendix 7a); severe renal impairment; lactaton (Appendix 7b) (see notes above); elderly; history of mental illness or substance abuse; interactons (Appendix 6b, 6c); psychiatric symptoms. Rash, usually in the frst 2 weeks, is the most common adverse efect; discontnue if severe rash with blistering, desquamaton, mucosal involvement or fever; if rash mild or moderate, may contnue without interrupton-rash usually resolves within 1 month. Child- 2 months to 8 years: 4 mg/kg body weight once a day for 14 days, if tolerated and no rash is observed increase to 4 mg/kg body weight two tmes a day. Contraindicatons Acute porphyria; severe hepatc impairment; post-exposure prophylaxis; breast feeding. Precautons Hepatc impairment (see below and Appen- dix 7a); history of chronic hepatts (greater risk of hepatc adverse efects), pregnancy (Appendix 7c) and lactaton (Appendix 7b); interactons (Appendix 6b, 6c). Potentally life-threatening hepatotoxicity including fatal fulminant hepatts reported usually occurring in frst 8 weeks; monitor liver functon before long-term treatment then every 2 weeks for 2 months then afer 1 month and then every 3-6 months; discontn- ue permanently if abnormalites in liver func- ton tests accompanied by hypersensitvity reacton (rash, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, lym- phadenopathy, hepatts, renal impairment, eosinophilia, granulocytopenia); suspend if severe abnormalites in liver functon tests but no hypersensitvity reacton-discontnue permanently if signifcant liver functon ab- normalites recur; monitor patent closely if mild to moderate abnormalites in liver func- ton tests with no hypersensitvity reacton. Rash, usually in frst 8 weeks, is most common adverse efect; incidence reduced if introduced at low dose and dose increased gradually; discontnue permanently if severe rash or if rash accompanied by blistering, oral lesions, conjunctvits, swelling, general malaise or hypersensitvity reactons; if rash mild or moderate may contnue without interrupton but dose should not be increased untl rash resolves. Patents should be told how to recognize hypersensitvity reactons and advised to seek immediate medical atenton if symptoms develop. Adverse Efects Rash including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and rarely, toxic epidermal necrolysis (see also Precautons above); hepatts or jaundice reported (see also Precautons above); nausea, vomitng, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache, drowsiness, fatgue, fever; hypersensitvity reactons (may involve hepatc reactons and rash, see Precautons above); anaphylaxis, angioedema, urtcaria also reported; granulocytopenia.

Lone ranger Imipenem may also be used alone to treat serious health-care ac- quired infections and infections in immunocompromised patients caused by mixed aerobic and anaerobic organisms cheap epivir-hbv 100mg line. Don’t forget the other carbapenems Meropenem is indicated for the treatment of intra-abdominal in- fections as well as for the management of bacterial meningitis caused by susceptible organisms order epivir-hbv 100mg without prescription. Ertapenem’s spectrum of activity includes intra-abdominal discount 100mg epivir-hbv with visa, skin, urinary tract, and gynecologic infections as well as commu- nity-acquired pneumonias caused by a variety of gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic organisms. It’s a synthetic Common adverse reac- monobactam with a narrow spectrum of activity that includes tions to ertapenem, many gram-negative aerobic bacteria. After parenteral administration, aztreonam is rapidly and com- pletely absorbed and widely distributed throughout the body. It’s If you’re sensitive to metabolized partially and excreted primarily in urine as un- penicillin changed drug. Hypersensitivity reac- tions, such as rashes, Pharmacodynamics may occur, particularly Aztreonam’s bactericidal activity results from inhibition of bacteri- in the patient with a al cell-wall synthesis. Kidney conditions In the patient with de- Pharmacotherapeutics creased or impaired re- Aztreonam is indicated in a range of therapeutic situations. Adverse • Synergistic or additive effects occur when aztreonam is used reactions to with aminoglycosides or other antibiotics, such as cefoperazone, aztreonam cefotaxime, clindamycin, and piperacillin. Metabolism and excretion Fluoroquinolones aren’t highly protein-bound, are minimally me- tabolized in the liver, and are excreted primarily in urine. Fluoroquinolones are well tolerated by most Drug interactions patients, but some seri- Several drug interactions may occur with the fluoroquinolones. Serious reactions • Giving ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin with probenecid results in Moderate to severe pho- decreased kidney elimination of these fluoroquinolones, increas- totoxic reactions have ing their serum levels and half-life. Light should be avoided for several Sulfonamides days after stopping fluo- Sulfonamides were the first effective systemic antibacterial roquinolone therapy. They include: • co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) • sulfadiazine. Pharmacokinetics Most sulfonamides are well absorbed and widely distributed in the body. They’re metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites and excreted by the kidneys. Lots and lots and lots of liquid Because crystalluria and subsequent kidney stone formation may occur during the metabolic excretory phase, adequate fluid intake is highly recommended during sulfonamide therapy. If you’re taking sulfonamides, you’d better be Pharmacodynamics drinking lots of fluids! Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic drugs that prevent the growth of microorganisms by inhibiting folic acid production. The decreased folic acid synthesis decreases the number of bacterial nucleotides and inhibits bacterial growth. Therefore, the choice of therapy should be based on bacteria susceptibility tests. Infectious behavior Sulfonamides also are used to treat infections caused by Nocardia asteroides and Toxoplasma gondii. Co-trimoxazole (a combina- tion of a sulfa drug and a folate antagonist) is used for a variety of other infections, such as Pneumocystis carinii (Pneumocystis jiroveci) pneumonia, acute otitis media (due to H. Sulfonamides exhibit a wide spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-nega- tive bacteria. Adverse reactions to sulfonamides Excessively high doses of less water-soluble Is it serum sickness? This complication isn’t a problem chospasm, and leukopenia (reduced white with the newer water-soluble sulfonamides. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur and ap- Photo finish pear to increase as the dosage increases. It isn’t useful in treating pyelonephritis or perinephric (around the kid- ney) diseases. Metabolism and excretion Nitrofurantoin is partially metabolized by the liver, and 30% to 50% is excreted unchanged in urine. Pharmacodynamics Usually bacteriostatic, nitrofurantoin may become bactericidal, depending on its urinary concentration and the susceptibility of the infecting organism. Nitrofurantoin isn’t effective against systemic bacterial in- • anorexia fections. The drugs keep viruses from major antiviral drug classes used to treat systemic infections in- multiplying. Drugs in this class include: • acyclovir • famciclovir • ganciclovir • valacyclovir • valganciclovir. Valacy- clovir is used to treat herpes zoster, genital herpes, and herpes labialis. Pharmacokinetics Each of these antiviral drugs travels its own route through the body. Slow by mouth When given orally, acyclovir absorption is slow and only 10% to 30% complete.

The 5-mg ing of the system and application to the skin order epivir-hbv 100mg visa, the central system has a total contact surface area of 44 cm2 with a delivery surface of the system is sealed with a peelable 15-cm2 central drug delivery reservoir containing 24 purchase 150mg epivir-hbv overnight delivery. The disc is der or crystals chemically described as 17(beta)- attached to and removed with the release liner (6) purchase epivir-hbv 100mg on line, a sili- hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one. The transdermal systems cone-coated polyester film, which is removed before the have six components. The cream contains active ingredient tetracaine 2% as well Tetracycline Hydrochloride Ointment Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 3. Transfer the remaining quantity of molten item 2 from step 1 at 50°–55°C to the mixer 1. In a suitable stainless steel container, disperse cooling at mixer speed 10 rpm, homogenizer item 1 in items 3 and 4 manually by using a high speed, under vacuum 0. Stop homogenizer, continue mixing at 10 rpm, step 1 to the mixer through stainless steel mesh. Therapeutic Skin Lotion Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 73. Tretinoin and Alpha Bisabolol Gel Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 0. Add solution of items 7 and 6 slowly to the clear solution of items 1–5 at about 40°C. Heat to about 50°C and dissolve about 14 g of item 8 in the combined solution of step 1. It is available at a concentration Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 0. To the warm mixture of step 2 mix step 1 and and a mixture of items 3–7 by heating to about cool by stirring. Formulations of Semisolid Drugs 245 Tretinoin Gel Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 0. Prepare suspension of items 6 and 7 and add solution of items 8 and 9 to the well-stirred suspension. This formulation uses patented methy meth- hol, trolamine, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Chemically, acrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer porous tretinoin is all-trans-retinoic acid, also known as (all- microspheres (Microsponge System®) to enable inclusion E)3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)- of the active ingredient, tretinoin, in an aqueous gel. Triacontanol Ointment Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 0. The other ingredients are dissolved in the puri- fied water and are also warmed to about 75°C. All ingredients are then mixed together and melted on a steam bath and warmed to about 75°C. Tridax Procumbens Ointment Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 5. Tridax procumbens leaf extract is dispersed in pure propylene glycol along with propylpara- 1. Carbopol 934 is dispersed in a propy- water (1 L) for 72 hours at room temperature. Water is decanted and then concentrated to 100 with methylparaben in another vessel. Formulations of Semisolid Drugs 247 Trolamine Salicylate Cream Bill of Materials Scale (mg/tablet) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 50. Add items 1–7 and mix well at 80°–85°C; con- tinue mixing; while cooling to 65°C, add items Ultrasonic Adhesive Gel Bill of Materials Scale (mg/g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 5. Prepare solution of item 1 in item 2 by heating to 70°C, and add item 3 slowly to obtain a homogeneous suspension. Dissolve butylhydroxytoluene in the warm vita- min A, add cremophor, and mix with the molten Lutrol E grades. Vitamin A Ointment Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 2. Sift in 4 g hydroxypropyl cellulose slowly over approximately 15 minutes while blending to 1. Formulations of Semisolid Drugs 249 Vitamin C Vaginal Ointment Bill of Materials Scale (g/100 g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 12. Vitamin E Gel-Cream Bill of Materials Scale (mg/g) Item Material Name Quantity/kg (g) 100. Charge item 12 (two thirds) to Becomix, heat items 9 and 1 in a separate vessel; mix using a to 80°–85°C, and transfer to a stainless steel stirrer, then cool down to 40°–45°C.

For example discount 100mg epivir-hbv, Class Ia agents (procainamide generic 100mg epivir-hbv overnight delivery, disopyramide discount epivir-hbv 150 mg online, and quinidine) affect Na+ influx, resulting in a decreased rate of Phase 0 depolarization and mild prolongation of repolarization. Phase 1 is 0 3 the initial stage of repolarization caused by closure of Na+chan- nels and efflux of Cl−. Phase 3 4 is the rapid repolarization and is Time facilitated primarily by K+efflux. Phase 4 is characterized by the positive slope, indicating gradual depolarization toward threshold, at which point the Phase 0 upstroke is observed. Automaticity Automaticity refers to the intrinsic ability of a cardiomyocyte or cluster of cardiomyocytes to spontaneously depolarize and, thus, initiate propagation of an action potential. Cells of the His-Purkinje system and the ventricular myocardium may also spontaneously depolarize under circumstances of par- ticularly slow cardiac rhythms (e. Because of the more rapid depolarization of the heart’s usual pacemakers, the automaticity of these cells is often not manifested. Furthermore, after cardiac injury, cells that typically do not possess automaticity may acquire altered membrane conductance with resultant current leakage and spontaneous 4 B. Notice the positively sloped Phase 4, progressing toward the threshold potential, at which point, Phase 0 occurs. The slope of the Phase 4 depolariza- tion is a key determinant in the rate of initiation of an action potential and, thus, overall heart rate. Modulation of automaticity occurs via the autonomic nervous system and may, thus, be affected by pharmacological agents acting centrally (dexmedetomidine, clonidine) or those affecting action potential initiation and propagation at the level of the myocytes (digoxin, β-blockers). In clinical practice, there is often an overlap of direct and autonomic effects with many pharmacological agents. On a cellular level, this is accomplished by coupling the changes in electrical environment to changes in mechanical activity (myocardial contraction and relaxation) via fluctuations of cytosolic Ca++ concentration. As a consequence of depolarization, cytosolic Ca++ concentration markedly increases via influx across the cell membrane as well as release of intracellular calcium stores within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca++ directly enables the interaction of the contractile elements actin and myosin, the result of which is myofiber shortening. Dysrhythmias Although an extensive review of all dysrhythmias is outside the scope of this chapter, a brief overview of the mechanisms of the basic categories of dysrhythmias is provided. On the simplest level, heart rhythm abnormalities can be divided into those that are “too slow” (bradyarrhythmias) and those that are “too fast” (tachyarrhythmias). Bradyarrhythmias may also result from disease of the sinus node (ineffective automaticity), such that no appropriate pacemaker 1. However, the mechanism that underlies each can often be categorized as automatic or reentrant. An automatic tachycardia results from a cell or cluster of cells acquiring abnormal automaticity, such that this region of the heart spontaneously depolarizes more rapidly than the sinus node, establishing the heart rate at greater than physiological rates. Examples of automatic tachycardias include ectopic atrial tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, and junctional ectopic tachycardia. Automatic tachycardias tend to exhibit “warm-up” and/or “cool-down” phases at onset and termination, and, despite the overall rapid rate, there is subtle variability in heart rate over time. In contrast, reentrant tachycardias result from nonphysiological electrical pathways that allow con- duction of an impulse back to a region of the heart that has repolarized after the earlier conduction of the same impulse. Such “short circuits” essentially allow the same impulse to recycle itself and lead to successive depolarizations. Reentrant tachyarrhythmias characteristically have an abrupt onset and ter- mination and a nonvarying rate during the tachycardia. Cardiovascular Physiology Care of the patient with hemodynamic derangements remains rooted in basic physiological concepts—preload, contractility, and afterload—first described in the late 19th century. These factors directly impact stroke volume, which, along with heart rate, are the key determinants of cardiac output (Figure 1-4). Preload, contractility, and afterload each impact cardiac output via their effects on stroke volume. Munoz Preload Preload refers to the ventricle’s intrinsic ability, within a physiological range, to alter the force of contraction based on the degree of ventricular filling just before contraction (end-diastolic volume/fiber length). The greater the end-diastolic volume, and, thus, ventricular myofiber stretch, the greater the force of contraction. Conceptually, preload is most often equated with the intravascular volume status of a patient. Contractility As already noted, within physiological range, the greater the myofiber stretch (preload), the greater the force of contraction. However, contractility (or inotropic state) specifically refers to the magnitude of response to a given preload and can be thought of as the “multiplication factor” for any given preload (Figure 1-5). Contractility is an intrinsic property of the muscle fiber that is relatively inde- pendent of changes in preload or afterload. In other words, for any given preload, the force of contraction will be greater under conditions of increased inotropy (e.

An increasing interest in in silico experimentation due to ethical considerations buy epivir-hbv 100mg mastercard, risk buy generic epivir-hbv 150mg, unreliability and other complications involved in human and animal research buy discount epivir-hbv 100mg on-line. Mathematics can probably continue to help Biology (even at an increasing pace) by focusing, above all, on modelling, computing power and statistical validation. In this way, outstanding scientific results can be obtained, that would eventually contribute to Biology achievements. This work was essentially done by Physicists, Chemists and Crystallographers, using the techniques with which they were familiar. Based on our search about great scientists we traced some steps of genetics evolution itself, and we understood that existence and progression of genetics is impossible without supporting by other interdisciplinary areas. Cataract is a clouding of the lens which lies between the iris and pupil in other word is the opacity of the lens, it reduced the visual activity (V. Lens is a crystalline structure located just behind the iris of the eye –it focuses light onto the retina. To provide information about this case so that we can study it and know how we can prevent and detect this disease at an early stage. Near-patient testing for cataracts comprises instruments for use in detecting cataract are pen touch and slip lamp. Types of cataract include subcapcular cataract: occurs at the back of the lens and people with diabetes or those taking high doses of steroid medication have greater risk of developing a subcapcular cataract; a nuclear cataract: occurs at the central of the lens. This associated with aging; a cortical cataract: occur in the lens cortex, which is part of the lens that surrounds the central nucleus. Stages of development are 1) Mature cataract: is when the entire lens becomes opaque; 2) Immature cataract: when few of opaque lens is present; 3) Hyper mature: is when the nucleus is reduced and yellow sinks to the bottom of lens capsule. Causes of cataracts are: ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, prolonged use of corticosteroid medications, inflammation i. Prevention includes taking antioxidants (vitamin A, C & E), wearing sunglasses outside during the day, eating proper diet, regular exercise, rest and keeping health mode of life. It was shown that cataract has multiple causes, both of genetic and non-genetic origin. Keeping healthy mode of life delay cataract onset and ameliorate symptoms of this condition. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Mab-Thera prescription for patients with systemic lupus iiematous with active lupus nephritis resistant to basic drugs leads to reduction of nephritic syndrome and stabilization of the nephritis course. Thus, the use of new biological agents for the treatment of systemic ective tissue diseases can slow the progression of the disease, and also to achieve long-term remission of it in most cases. It can be useful in determining toxicity, influence on reproduction and mutagenic effects. The aim of the research was to assess toxicity of different Bupleurum aureum extracts. An uutbred wild type strain Conton-S (C-S) was obtained from the collection of the Genetics and Cytology Department of Kharkiv National University named after V. Bupleurum aureum 50% and 70% alcoholic extracts were added to the culture medium in which Drosophila larvae -3 -2 -1 develop at concentrations 10 , 10 , 10 , 1 and 10 mg/mL. One of the most important features that determine the fitness of organisms is the overall performance, i. Its components are parent fertility and offspring vitality at embryonic and postembryonic stages of development. Our data suggest that the magnitude of an overall performance indicator change in Drosophila depends on the type of extraction and concentration of the Bupleurum aureum extract in culture medium. Thus, it was shown that all concentrations of the Bupleurum aureum 70% alcoholic extract under study and its aqueous extract had no significant toxic effect and did not yield a significant impact on adult Drosophila. Interesting data was shown as to the effect of the Bupleurum aureum 50% alcoholic extract on the overall performance of Drosophila. All concentrations under study did not toxic effect, but a pronounced -3 -1 stimulatory effect was observed at concentrations 10 and 10 mg/mL. The manifestation of this effect was increasing in the overall productivity of Drosophila by 23. Thus, Drosophila cultivation in a medium with the Bupleurum -3 -2 aureum 70% alcoholic extract and its aqueous extract in concentrations of 10 , 10 , -1 10 , 1 and 10 mg/mL caused no significant reduction in the overall performance of Drosophila and had a pronounced toxic effect. Drosophila cultivation in a medium with the Bupleurum aureum 50% alcoholic extract did not resulted in toxic effects -3 -2 -1 within all concentrations under study (10 , 10 , 10 , 1, 10, 50 to 100 mg/mL), and -3 -1 the concentrations of 10 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL demonstrated a pronounced stimulatory effect of the extract. The evaluation of the genetic consequences of the Chernobyl disaster still remains extremely urgent and is of keen interest for the scientific community all over the world.